Divine Agency in Human Actions: Theological and Stylistic Analysis of Verse 17 in Surah Al-Anfal

Abstract

The attribution of human actions to Allah (khalqu Af'âli’l-ibâd) has been widely discussed in Islamic theology (kalam), often as a doctrinal debate among theological schools. This study takes a different approach by examining the topic within the Quran’s original linguistic and contextual framework, focusing on its rhetorical style rather than theological interpretations. It analyzes verse 17 of Surah Al-Anfal, set in the context of the Battle of Badr, which states, “You did not kill them, but Allah killed them; and you did not throw when you threw, but Allah threw.”  The study argues that attributing actions to Allah is a unique feature of the Quran’s Allah-centered (theocentric) language, often overlooked in traditional interpretations. Using Maturidi’s framework, it distinguishes between tafsir (the initial meaning of the text) and ta’wil (interpretations influenced by external frameworks). The study reveals that many classical interpretations, shaped by theological debates, deviate from the Quran’s contextual and stylistic principles. It demonstrates that verse 17, while seemingly declarative (ikhbar), serves a constructive (insya) purpose, admonishing the Companions and reminding them of Allah’s grace and support during the battle. By integrating contextual analysis and the Quran’s unique style, the study provides an alternative reading of the verse, moving beyond theological arguments to highlight the Quran’s rhetorical and admonitory intent.